Skip to main content

C++ program to implement Booth's multiplier

By
  1  #include <iostream>
  2  #include <windows.h>
  3  #include <fstream>
  4  #include <math.h>
  5  #define pause system("pause");
  6  using namespace std;
  7  const int no_of_bits = 32;
  8  /* this Program uses Following notations.... first bit for signed and then it goes like this 1 2 4 8 16 32 64......
  9  /* ----------------------------------------global variables ----------------------------------
 10  */
 11  int Q1=0; /// extra bit holder
 12  int A[no_of_bits]; /// Accumulator storing array
 13  int Q[no_of_bits];/// Multiplier storing Array.
 14  int N,Qsize;/// no of bits in multiplier
 15  int X; /// no of bits in multiplicand.
 16  int M[no_of_bits]; /// M value
 17  int M2Complement[no_of_bits];/// -M
 18  int temp[no_of_bits]; /// for temporary use
 19  ofstream out;
 20 
 21  /*
 22  ...............................................now function ....................................
 23 
 24  */
 25  int binary_convert(int,int m[]);
 26  void ARS(); /// arithmetic Right Shift ...
 27 
 28  void Add(int[],int []); /// used for Function two's complement... and adding of two array
 29  void intialiser(int ,int ); /// used to initialize A Q N and all
 30  a
 31 
 32  /*
 33 
 34 
 35  Main Function Starts
 36 
 37 
 38  */
 39  int main ()
 40  {int multiplicand,multiplier,result=0;
 41  out.open("Booth's Multiplier.txt",ios::out);
 42  out<<"++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Welcome To booth's Multiplier++++++++++++++++++++++++++++\n";
 43  cout<<endl;
 44  /// m is the multiplicand
 45  /// is multiplier....
 46  cout<<"                          Booth's multiplier                                 \n\n\n\a\n";
 47  cout<<"============================================================================\n";
 48  cout<<"Enter the Multiplicand ---> ";
 49  out<<"\n\n\n\n============================================================================\n";
 50  out<<"Enter the Multiplicand ---> ";
 51 
 52  cin>>multiplicand;
 53  out<<multiplicand;
 54  cout<<"Enter the Multiplier ---> ";
 55  cin>>multiplier;
 56  cout<<"Displaying Result of "<<multiplicand<<"X"<<multiplier<<endl;
 57  out<<"\nEnter the Multiplier ---> "<<multiplier<<endl;;
 58  out<<"Displaying Result of "<<multiplicand<<"X"<<multiplier<<endl;
 59 
 60  out<<"============================================================================\n";
 61 
 62  cout<<"============================================================================\n";
 63 
 64  int opr=0;
 65  /*
 66  opr code ...
 67  opr code =1 shifting
 68  opr =2 Subs
 69  opr=3 Add...
 70  */
 71  int counter=0;
 72  intialiser(multiplicand,multiplier);
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76  cout<<"============================================================================\n\n                ::StepS::\n\n";
 77  cout<<"============================================================================\n";
 78 
 79  out<<"============================================================================\n\n                ::StepS::\n\n";
 80  out<<"============================================================================\n";
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84  cout<<"Index\t A\t\tQ\t\tQ1\tN\t operation\n\n";
 85  cout<<"0\t";
 86  out<<"Index\t A\t\tQ\t\tQ1\tN\t operation\n\n";
 87  out<<"0\t";
 88  for(int i=no_of_bits-X;i<no_of_bits;i++){
 89  cout<<A[i];out<<A[i];}cout<<"\t\t"; out<<"\t\t";
 90  for(int i=no_of_bits-N;i<no_of_bits;i++){
 91  cout<<Q[i];out<<Q[i];}
 92  cout<<"\t\t"<<Q1<<"\t"<<N<<"\t ------------";; out<<"\t"<<Q1<<"\t"<<N<<"\t -------------";
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98  while(N>0){
 99 
100 
101 
102 
103  if(Q[no_of_bits-1]==1&&Q1==0) /// it is of form 10
104  {Add(A,M2Complement);opr=2;
105 
106  }
107  else if (Q[no_of_bits-1]==0&&Q1==1) /// it is of form 01
108  {
109      Add(A,M);opr=3;
110  }
111  ARS(); /// shifting at last..
112   cout<<"\n\a____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n";
113  cout<<++counter<<"\t";
114  out<<"\n\a____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n";
115  out<<++counter<<"\t";
116 
117 
118  for(int i=no_of_bits-X;i<no_of_bits;i++){out<<A[i];
119  cout<<A[i];} cout<<"\t\t";out<<"\t\t";
120  for(int k=(no_of_bits-Qsize);k<no_of_bits;k++) {cout<<Q[k];out<<Q[k];}
121  cout<<"\t\t"<<Q1<<"\t"<<N<<"\t";out<<"\t\t"<<Q1<<"\t"<<N<<"\t";
122  if(opr==1){cout<<"\tShifting"<<endl;out<<"\tShifting"<<endl;}
123  else if(opr==2){ cout<<"\tSubtracting and Arithmetic Shifting....\n";out<<"\tSubtracting and Arithmetic Shifting....\n";}
124  else {cout<<"\tAdding and Shifting....\n";out<<"\tAdding and Shifting....\n";}
125  out<<"\n\a____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n";
126  cout<<"\n\a____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n";
127 
128  }
129  int power=0;
130  if(A[0]==0) /// it is a +ve result
131  {
132 
133      for(int k=no_of_bits-1; k>=(no_of_bits-Qsize);k--)
134 
135  {result=result+(pow(2,power++)*Q[k]);
136 
137  }
138   for(int k=no_of_bits-1; k>=(no_of_bits-X);k--)
139  {
140      result=result+(pow(2,power++)*A[k]);
141 
142  }
143 
144 
145 
146  }
147  else  /// if number is negative
148  {int product[X+Qsize],tempproduct[X+Qsize];
149  int prosize=X+Qsize,sum=0,carry=0;
150  cout<<" Answer is negative so Taking its Two's Complement..\n";
151 
152  for(int i=0;i<X+Qsize;i++) tempproduct[i]=0; temp[(X+Qsize)-1]=1;
153 
154  for(int k=0;k<Qsize;k++) product[--prosize]=Q[(no_of_bits-1)-k];
155  for(int k=0;k<X;k++) product[--prosize]=A[(no_of_bits-1)-k];
156 
157 
158  for(int i=(Qsize+X-1);i>=0;i--)
159      if(product[i]==0)product[i]=1;
160  else product[i]=0;
161  for(int i=(X+Qsize-1);i>=0;i--)
162      {sum=0;
163      sum=carry+product[i]+tempproduct[i];
164      if(sum==3)
165          {
166              sum=1;carry=1;
167          }else if(sum==2)
168          {
169              sum=0;carry=1;
170          }
171          else{
172              carry=0;
173          }
174          product[i]=sum;
175 
176      }
177  int power=0;
178  for(int i=(Qsize+X)-1;i>=0;i--)
179  {
180      result=result+(product[i]*pow(2,power++));
181  }
182 
183 
184  result=(result*-1)-1;
185  }
186 
187  cout<<"Result=="<<result<<endl;
188  out<<"Result=="<<result<<endl;
189 
190  out.close();
191  cout<<"\n";
192  pause;
193 
194 
195  }
196  void intialiser(int m ,int q)
197  {
198 
199  for(int i=0;i<no_of_bits;i++)
200  {
201      Q[i]=0;
202      A[i]=0;
203      temp[i]=0;
204      M[i]=0;
205      M2Complement[i]=0;
206 
207  }
208 
209 
210 
211  X=binary_convert(m,M);
212 
213  N=binary_convert(q,Q);
214  Qsize=N;
215  m=m*(-1);
216  X=binary_convert(m,M2Complement);
217 
218  out<<"\n==========================================================================\n";
219  out<<"\n M =\t";
220 
221  cout<<"\n==========================================================================\n";
222  cout<<"\n M =\t";
223  for(int i=no_of_bits-X;i<no_of_bits;i++){
224  cout<<M[i];out<<M[i];}
225  cout<<"\n Q =\t";
226  out<<"\n Q =\t";
227 
228  for(int i=no_of_bits-N;i<no_of_bits;i++){
229  cout<<Q[i];out<<Q[i];}
230  cout<<"\n A =\t";
231  out<<"\n A =\t";
232 
233  for(int i=no_of_bits-X;i<no_of_bits;i++){
234  cout<<A[i];out<<A[i];}
235  cout<<"\n-M =\t";
236  out<<"\n-M =\t";
237 
238  for(int i=no_of_bits-X;i<no_of_bits;i++)
239  {
240  cout<<M2Complement[i];out<<M2Complement[i];}cout<<"\n==========================================================================\n";
241 
242  out<<"\n==========================================================================\n";
243 
244  }
245 
246 
247 
248 
249 
250 
251 
252  void ARS()
253  {
254 
255  Q1=Q[no_of_bits-1];
256  for(int i=no_of_bits-1;i>0;i--)
257  {
258      Q[i]=Q[i-1];
259  }
260  for(int i=0;i<=(no_of_bits-Qsize);i++)
261  Q[i]=A[no_of_bits-1];
262  for(int i=no_of_bits-1;i>0;i--)
263  {
264      A[i]=A[i-1];
265  }
266 
267 
268 
269  N--; /// decreasing N value.
270  }
271 
272  int binary_convert(int num,int m[])
273  {bool ispositive=false;int counter=(no_of_bits-1),bitsize=0; /// counter will be used to set current bit value..
274 
275      if(num>0)
276      {
277          ispositive=true;
278      }
279 
280      if(ispositive==true) m[0]=0; /// setting signed bit ;;
281      else
282 
283      {
284          m[0]=1;
285      num=num*(-1);
286      }
287      while(num>0)
288      {bitsize++;
289          if(num%2==0) m[counter]=0;
290          else m[counter]=1; /// reminder ones....
291 
292  num=num/2;
293 
294  counter--;
295 
296      }
297      if(ispositive==false) /// i.e number is negative
298 
299  {
300          for(int counter=1;counter<no_of_bits;counter++)
301 
302          {
303              if(m[counter]==0) m[counter]=1;
304              else m[counter]=0;
305 
306          } /// taking One's Complement...
307 
308          for(int i=0;i<no_of_bits;i++)
309 
310          {if(i==(no_of_bits-1)) temp[i]=1;
311          else temp[i]=0;
312 
313 
314          } /// adding one...
315          Add(m,temp);
316 
317      }
318 
319  return (bitsize+1);
320  }
321  void Add(int FirstNumber[],int SecondNumber[] )
322  {int carry=0,sum=0;
323 
324  for(int i=(no_of_bits-1);i>=0;i--)
325  {sum=0;
326  sum=FirstNumber[i]+SecondNumber[i]+carry;
327 
328  if(sum==3)
329  {
330      sum=1;carry=1;
331  }else if(sum==2)
332  {
333 
334      sum=0; carry=1;
335  }
336  else
337  {
338      carry=0;
339  }
340 
341      FirstNumber[i]=sum;
342  }
343  }
get the source code

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwyIMs3NcEzYdE9QRThUTjh4WjQ/view?usp=sharing

get the executable.
.EXE


https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwyIMs3NcEzYSTk1Y3lGOXM0LU0/view?usp=sharing



Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

share your thoughts ....

Popular posts from this blog

13 websites to register your free domain

By
Register your Free Domain Now!! 1)  .tk Dot TK is a FREE domain registry for websites on the Internet. It has exactly the same power as other domain extensions, but it’s free! Because it’s free, millions of others have been using .TK domains since 2001 – which makes .TK powerful and very recognizable.  Your website will be like www.yourdomainname.tk . It is free for 1 year. It’s a ccTLD domain whixh having the abbreviation  Tokelau. To create a .tk domain, Visit   www.dot.tk 2) co.cc Co.cc is completely free domain which is mostly used by blogspot bloggers because of it’s easy to use DNS system. Creating a co.cc for blogger is simple ( for instructions- “click here”). Your website will be like www.yourdomainname.co.cc . To create a .co.cc domain, visit www.co.cc 3)   co.nr co.nr is too like co.cc. Your website will be like  www.yourdomainname.co.nr . You can add it for blogger also.. To create a .co.cc domain, vi...
Post a Comment
Read more

How to Put Google Adsense Below Post Title in Blogger?

By
Adsense is used by majority of expert bloggers for their website monetization because it is a cookie based contextual advertising system that shows targeted ads relevant to the content and reader. As bloggers are paid on per click basis, they try various ad placements on the blog to  increase the revenue  and get maximum clicks on the ad units. Well, on some blogs, you might have seen Adsense ad units placed below the post title. Do you know why? It is because the area just below the post title gets the most exposure and is the best place to put AdSense ad units to increase  Click Through Rate (CTR). Even though ads below post title work like a charm but this doesn’t mean that it will work for you as well. If you want to find out the best AdSense ads placement for your blog, try experimenting by placing ads at various locations such as header, sidebar, footer, etc. You can try other  blog monetization methods  as well to effectively monetize y...
Post a Comment
Read more

python program to Print Starting Series OF Indian Mobile Number for a State or operator or both

By
import requests import urllib.request import time from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as bs import re url = ' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephone_numbering_in_India' state_to_extract = "UE" #if set to None all state is considered telecom_to_extracted = None #if set to none all operator from particular city is extracted response = requests . get(url) print (response) soup = bs(response . text, "html.parser" ) one_a_tag = soup . findAll( 'tr' )[ 35 :] lst = [] for k in one_a_tag: s = k . findAll( 'td' ) limit = len (s) i = 0 while True : if i == limit: break no = s[i] . text i += 1 if i == limit: break operator = s[i] . text i += 1 if i == limit: break state = s[i] . text i += 1 if i == limit: break res = f "{no} {operator} {state}" if state_to_extract is None : if telecom_to_extracted is None : lst . append(no) elif telecom_to_e...
2 comments
Read more

30 Terrific Twitter Facts And Figures

By
Twitter has always suffered an image problem and is not usually taken very seriously by the general public. Its name doesn’t help with some people even saying that ‘Twitter is for twits’. Despite this glamor and brand problem this has not held back its growth after its humble origins and launch in 2006. Since then Twitter has gained popularity worldwide and is estimated to have 225 million users, generating 65 million tweets a day and handling over 800,000 search queries per day. It is sometimes described as the “SMS of the Internet” and its 140 character limit keeps the messages short and simple. Its attraction as a social web media platform is maybe in its simplicity and real time messaging that enables breaking news and information to hit the web instantly without filt30 Terrific Twitter Facts and Figures:- Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched in July of that year. Twitter’s origins lie in a “day long brainstorming session” that was held by board...
Post a Comment
Read more

Supported OS id and their code in an installer

By
Hello frnd this is the code and thier Operating system id in windows ,to identify which program run in which windows The ID below indicates application support for Windows Vista -->           --The ID below indicates application support for Windows 7 -->           -The ID below indicates application support for Windows 8 -       supportedOS Id="{4a2f28e3-53b9-4441-ba9c-d69d4a4a6e38}" code provided to you by Rajlive360.tk
Post a Comment
Read more

Download pocket tank delux with 295 weapons free total 295 weapons version 1.6

By
Download Pocket Tanks Deluxe Full Version Free With 295 Weapons Pack | Size: 30MB UPDATED 2019 /19/april Description: Pocket Tanks is a 1-2 player computer game for Windows and Mac OS X, created by Blitwise Productions, developer of Super DX-Ball and Neon Wars. Adapted from Michael Welch's earlier Amiga game Scorched Tanks, this newer version features modified physics, dozens of weapons ranging from simple explosive shells to homing missiles, and the ability to move the tank. It supports several expansion packs. At the moment, players can have up to 295 different weapons total. Pocket Tanks is often abbreviated as PTanks. Have Fun! NOTE: FILE NAME IS SCRAMBLED FOR AVOIDING HARD DETECTION & FILE TAKEN DOWN . How to Play: Best with 2 players on the same computer at school or at work. UPDATED LINK https://mirr.re/d/u1Y https://nl26.seedr.cc/ff_get/447027537/ptd16.295.exe?st=lUp-PbRp4YOwToHIOGwStQ&e=1555747979 http://www.uploadmagnet.com/7gfzhbyfe...
9 comments
Read more

just more way to disable autorun.inf

By
Auto run.Inf this is a instruction file associated with the Auto run function. It is a simple text configuration file that instructs the OS (operating system) which executable to start which icon to use which additional menu commands to make available etc Auto run.inf must be located in the root directory of a volume.That is CD,DVD,of Floppy Disk or Pen drive. It is mainly used by the manufacturer on what actions to taken when their CD-ROM when it is inserted. In OS, when autorun.inf is enabled (Normally by default it is enabled ) then by inserting the Cd or DVD the content of the medium is automatically executed. This is to avoid the user intervention and help the low level knowledge of computer literacy people. But Virus programmer taken this as advantage and make virus instruction in autorun.inf text file. TYPICAL AUTORUN.INF A typical autorun.inf file looks like below. [autorun] open=setup.exe icon=setup.exe,0 label=GameProgram SIMPLE METHOD NOT TO GET INFECTED BY AUTORUN.INF:...
Post a Comment
Read more

DOWNLOAD CODE BLOCKS 16.01 MINGW.SETUP .EXE 86.3 MB

By
Code::Blocks for Mac is a free C, C++ and Fortran IDE that has a custom build system and optional Make support. The application has been designed to be very extensible and fully configurable. Code::Blocks is an IDE packed full of all the features you will need. It has a consistent look, feel and operation across its supported platforms. It has been built around a plugin framework, therefore Code::Blocks can be extended with plugins. Support for any kind of functionality can be added by installing/coding a plugin. Key features include: Written in C++. No interpreted languages or proprietary libs needed.. Full plugin support. Multiple compiler support: GCC (MingW / GNU GCC), MSVC++, clang, Digital Mars, Borland C++ 5.5, and Open Watcom etc. Support for parallel builds. Imports Dev-C++ projects. Debugger with full breakpoints support. Cross-platform. Code::Blocks' interface is both customizable and extensible with Syntax highlighting, a tabbed interface, Class Br...
1 comment
Read more

Structure of C Programs

By
Objectives: Having completed this section you should know about: 1.C's character set 2.C's keywords 3.the general structure of a C program 4.that all C statement must end in a ; 5.that C is a free format language 6.all C programs us header files that contain standard library functions. C's Character Set: C does not use, nor requires the use of, every character found on a modern computer keyboard. The only characters required by the C Programming Language are as follows: A - Z a -z 0 - 9 space . , : ; ' $ " # % & ! _ {} [] () < > | + - / * = The use of most of this set of characters will be dicussed throughout the course. The form of a C Program: All C programs will consist of at least one function, but it is usual (when your experience grows) to write a C program that comprises several functions. The only function that has to be present is the function called main. For more advanced programs the main functi...
Post a Comment
Read more